People increasingly turn to various supplements for better health and improved well-being. One such example is NAD supplements (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).
Recently, NAD supplements have gained significant interest in various health concerns.
In this article, we will delve into the world of NAD supplements. Try to understand what NAD is and explore its benefits and side effects. Also, we will examine how it may contribute to overall wellness.
Let’s first begin with the question, What is NAD?
Part 1. What is NAD?
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD) is a biological molecule that participates in many metabolic reactions.
NAD is synthesized via two major pathways in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems. In one pathway, NAD is synthesized from tryptophan. In the other pathway, NAD is generated by recycling degraded NAD products
- Recent studies reveal NAD’s significance in transcriptional regulation, longevity, and age-related conditions.
- NAD influences longevity and transcriptional silencing by regulating NAD-dependent deacetylases, such as the Sir2p family.
- Alterations in NAD levels or the NAD: NADH ratio are linked to various human diseases.
- The potential role of the Sir2p family in these diseases warrants further investigation. (Lin et al. 2003)
From understanding what NAD is now, we will explore the world of NAD supplements and their impact on overall health.
You can legally buy NAD at NuScience Peptides here.
Part 2. NAD Supplements Explained
NAD is a co-enzyme that supports metabolism and other reactions in the body. It exists in two forms in the body: NAD+ and NADH. Both of these act as co-factors. Let’s have a look at both of these one by one.
NAD+
NAD+ is a coenzyme for redox reactions, making it central to energy metabolism. It can, directly and indirectly, influence many key cellular functions. Some functions are mentioned below.
- It is a vital cofactor for enzymes that influences cellular functions like metabolism, DNA repair, and immune cell activity.
- Age-related decline in NAD+ levels is associated with multiple diseases.
- Restoring NAD+ holds the potential to alleviate aging-related conditions and extend health span.
- Further research is required to understand NAD+ regulation, safe repletion, and its effects on aging humans. (Covarrubias et al. 2020)
NADH
NADH functions as a cellular redox cofactor in over 200 cellular redox reactions and as a substrate for certain enzymes. Other functions related to NADH are as follows.
- NADH delivers electrons from metabolite hydrolysis to the electron transport chain, and also acts as an antioxidant.
- Its deficiency leads to pellagra, causing severe symptoms like skin issues, diarrhea, and dementia.
- Recent advancements enable direct oral ingestion through microcarriers, enhancing effectiveness compared to large doses.
- Explored for neurodegenerative diseases and chronic fatigue syndrome, yielding mixed results in trials.
- Some trials show improved cognitive functioning and symptom reduction; others report no significant effects. (Nicolson et al. 2014)
Now, let’s focus on the role of NAD supplements in health benefits.
Part 3. Health Benefits of NAD Supplements
NAD supplements offer potential health benefits by positively influencing redox states and transcriptional regulation in the body. Also benefits as a photocatalyst.
Further research is needed to fully understand the extent of NAD supplement benefits and their applications.
Role of NAD in human disease
The role of NAD in human disease has been the subject of extensive research. NAD/NADH redox state plays a role in regulating CtBP co-repressor activity.
- NAD/NADH redox state regulates CtBP co-repressor activity, influencing carcinogenesis.
- NAD/NADH may impact p53 via Sir2p, contributing to tumor suppression.
- PARP1 overactivation is involved in mechanisms of type 1 diabetes, utilizing NAD as a substrate in DNA-base processes.
Impact of NAD on transcriptional regulation
Recent research has unveiled a significant role of the NAD salvage pathway in transcriptional regulation.Sir2p, a nucleolar silencing regulator, has emerged as a crucial player in this process.
- Recent studies reveal the NAD salvage pathway’s role in silencing at telomere and rDNA loci.
- Sir2p, a nucleolar silencing regulator, is essential for this silencing [13., 14., 15.•].
- Loci status reflects Sir2p activity, acting as an indicator.
- Components of the salvage pathway also influence silencing dose-dependently.
- Therefore, the salvage pathway is believed to enhance silencing processes.
NAD as a Photocatalyst
In a groundbreaking discovery, NAD has been identified as a remarkable photocatalyst. It demonstrates exceptional efficiency under certain conditions.
- NAD+ was unveiled as a metal-free molecular photocatalyst. It absorbs light through nicotinamide and adenine moieties.
- It efficiently reduces O2 and oxidizes H2O under light exposure.
- Directly activates redox enzymes without additional mediators.
- Simplifies photocatalytic processes and holds promise for enhancing enzymatic productivity.
- It enables metal-free trans-hydrogenation for pharmaceuticals and fine chemicals.
As we’ve seen NAD benefits, knowing its potential side effects is essential.
You can legally buy NAD at NuScience Peptides here.
Part 4. Side Effects of NAD Supplements
This part will discuss early pharmacology attempts and mixed clinical trial results. Also, the short and long-term impacts of NAD on neurological conditions and its side effects.
Neurological and Neurodegeneration Conditions
Modern hypotheses have since connected NAD-related redox dysfunction to schizophrenia. Also, implicate it with mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress.
- Early attempts at NAD pharmacology used niacin or NAD formulations for schizophrenia treatment in the 1960s.
- Modern hypotheses link NAD-related redox dysfunction to schizophrenia, involving mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress.
- Earlier studies reported positive results, but small clinical trials showed no benefits to patients.
- NAD pharmacology was explored for Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s in the 1990s.
- Clinical trial results mixed for Parkinson’s and largely negative for Alzheimer’s.
- Ongoing trials continue to assess NAD’s potential for various forms of dementia.
Potential Side Effects
The study reveals encouraging results with no severe side effects reported. However, supplements might contain impurities leading to potential side effects.
- Studies report no severe side effects, suggesting NAD interventions are relatively safe.
- Widely used over-the-counter supplements increase NAD levels, but impurities might cause side effects.
- Short-term experiments show high nicotinamide doses cause hepatic toxicity, and niacin causes headaches and dizziness.
- Long-term side effects of NAD upregulation might impact mice’s insulin resistance and adipose tissue.
- Nicotinamide may deplete methyl groups, affecting cellular homeostasis.
- NAD upregulation may worsen the senescence-associated secretory phenotype linked to aging-related pathologies, but data is limited. (Radenkovic et al. 2020)
After exploring the side effects, let’s explore choosing the right NAD+ supplement for your well-being and needs.
Part 5. Choosing the Right NAD Supplement
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Conclusion
NAD supplements offer a promising avenue for enhancing overall wellness and addressing various health concerns. It offers vast benefits, from supporting metabolism and DNA repair to acting as a molecular photocatalyst. Then we explore the role in human disease and its transcriptional regulation capabilities. For the best NAD supplements with high purity and quality, choose NuScience Peptide as your trusted source.
DISCLAIMER
The information provided in this blog article is intended for educational and research purposes only. It does not constitute medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment.
Before using any NAD supplements it is essential to consult with a qualified healthcare professional.
The author and publisher of this article are not responsible for any adverse effects resulting from the use of NuScience Peptide supplements.
References
Covarrubias, A. J., Perrone, R., Grozio, A., & Verdin, E. (2020). NAD+ metabolism and its roles in cellular processes during aging. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, 22(2), 119–141. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41580-020-00313-x
Kim, J. (2019). Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide as a photocatalyst. Science Advances, 5(7). https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/sciadv.aax0501
Lin, S.-J., & Guarente, L. (2003). Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is a metabolic regulator of transcription, longevity, and disease. Current Opinion in Cell Biology, 15(2), 241–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0955-0674(03)00006-1
Nicolson, G. L. (2014). Mitochondrial dysfunction and chronic disease: Treatment with natural supplements. Integrative Medicine (Encinitas, Calif.), 13(4), 35–43. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4566449/
Radenkovic, D., Reason, & Verdin, E. (2020). Clinical evidence for targeting NAD therapeutically. Pharmaceuticals, 13(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/ph13090247